Most MRSA infections occur in people who've been in hospitals or other health care settings, such as nursing homes and dialysis centers. HA-MRSA infections usually are associated with invasive procedures or devices, such as surgeries, intravenous tubing or artificial joints.
HA-MRSA can spread by health care workers touching people with unclean hands or people touching unclean surfaces. Another type of MRSA infection has occurred in the wider community — among healthy people. It's usually spread by skin-to-skin contact.
At-risk populations include groups such as high school wrestlers, child care workers and people who live in crowded conditions. MRSA infections start out as small red bumps that can quickly turn into deep, painful abscesses. Staph skin infections, including MRSA , generally start as swollen, painful red bumps that might look like pimples or spider bites.
The affected area might be:. These red bumps can quickly turn into deep, painful boils abscesses that require surgical draining. Sometimes the bacteria remain confined to the skin. But they can also burrow deep into the body, causing potentially life-threatening infections in bones, joints, surgical wounds, the bloodstream, heart valves and lungs.
Keep an eye on minor skin problems — pimples, insect bites, cuts and scrapes — especially in children. If wounds appear infected or are accompanied by a fever, see your doctor.
Different varieties of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, commonly called "staph," exist. Staph bacteria are normally found on the skin or in the nose of about one-third of the population. When people are infected in a health care facility, the bacteria are usually resistant to several types of antibiotics, including almost all antibiotics that are related to penicillin called beta-lactam antibiotics Penicillins Penicillins are a subclass of antibiotics called beta-lactam antibiotics antibiotics that have a chemical structure called a beta-lactam ring.
Carbapenems, cephalosporins, and monobactams Strains of bacteria that are resistant to almost all beta-lactam antibiotics are called methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA. Methicillin is a type of penicillin. MRSA strains are common when infection is acquired in a health care facility called hospital-acquired infection. Some strains of MRSA cause infections that are acquired outside of a health care facility called community-acquired infection , including mild abscesses and skin infections.
The number of these community-acquired infections is increasing. Staphylococcal infections may be difficult to treat because many of the bacteria have developed resistance to antibiotics.
Folliculitis Folliculitis Folliculitis and skin abscesses are pus-filled pockets in the skin resulting from bacterial infection. A hair root follicle is infected, causing a slightly painful, tiny pimple at the base of a hair. Impetigo Impetigo and Ecthyma Impetigo is a superficial skin infection, caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, or both, that leads to the formation of scabby, yellow-crusted sores and, sometimes, small Impetigo may itch or hurt.
Abscesses Skin abscesses Folliculitis and skin abscesses are pus-filled pockets in the skin resulting from bacterial infection. Cellulitis Cellulitis Cellulitis is a spreading bacterial infection of the skin and the tissues immediately beneath the skin. This infection is most often caused by streptococci or staphylococci. Redness, pain, and Cellulitis spreads, causing pain and redness. Toxic epidermal necrolysis Stevens-Johnson Syndrome SJS and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis TEN Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis are two forms of the same life-threatening skin disease that cause rash, skin peeling, and sores on the mucous membranes.
See also Introduction Both lead to large-scale peeling of skin. Breast infections mastitis Breast Infection A breast infection mastitis can occur after delivery postpartum infection , usually during the first 6 weeks and almost always in women who are breastfeeding. If the baby is not positioned The area around the nipple is red and painful.
The bacteria may then infect the nursing infant. Pneumonia often causes a high fever, shortness of breath, and a cough with sputum that may be tinged with blood.
Lung abscesses Abscess in the Lungs A lung abscess is a pus-filled cavity in the lung surrounded by inflamed tissue and caused by an infection. A lung abscess is usually caused by bacteria that normally live in the mouth and are They sometimes enlarge and involve the membranes around the lungs and sometimes cause pus to collect called an empyema Types of fluid Pleural effusion is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space the area between the two layers of the thin membrane that covers the lungs.
Fluid can accumulate in the pleural These problems make breathing even more difficult. Bloodstream infection is a common cause of death in people with severe burns. Symptoms typically include a persistent high fever and sometimes shock.
Osteomyelitis causes chills, fever, and bone pain. The skin and soft tissues over the infected bone become red and swollen, and fluid may accumulate in nearby joints. Other infections require samples of blood or infected fluids, which are sent to a laboratory to grow culture , identify, and test the bacteria.
Laboratory results confirm the diagnosis and determine which antibiotics can kill the staphylococci called susceptibility testing Testing of a Microorganism's Susceptibility and Sensitivity to Antimicrobial Drugs Infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Doctors suspect an infection based on the person's symptoms, physical examination results, If a doctor suspects osteomyelitis, x-rays, computed tomography CT , magnetic resonance imaging MRI , radionuclide bone scanning Radionuclide Scanning In radionuclide scanning, radionuclides are used to produce images.
A radionuclide is a radioactive form of an element, which means it is an unstable atom that becomes more stable by releasing These tests can show where the damage is and help determine how severe it is. Bone biopsy is done to obtain a sample for testing. The sample may be removed with a needle or during surgery.
People can help prevent the spread of these bacteria by always thoroughly washing their hands with soap and water or applying an alcohol-based hand sanitizer. Some doctors recommend applying the antibiotic mupirocin inside the nostrils to eliminate staphylococci from the nose.
However, because overusing mupirocin can lead to mupirocin resistance, this antibiotic is used only when people are likely to get an infection. For example, it is given to people before certain operations or to people who live in a household in which the skin infection is spreading.
If carriers of staphylococci need to have certain types of surgery, they are often treated with an antibiotic before the surgery. In some health care facilities, people are routinely screened for MRSA when they are admitted. Some facilities screen only people who are at increased of getting a MRSA infection, such as those who are about to have certain operations. Screening involves testing a sample taken from the nose with a cotton swab.
If MRSA strains are detected, people are isolated to prevent spread of the bacteria. Infections due to Staphylococcus aureus are treated with antibiotics. Doctors try to determine whether the bacteria are resistant to antibiotics and, if so, to which antibiotics. See, Play and Learn Images. Research Clinical Trials Journal Articles. Resources Find an Expert.
What are Staphylococcal staph infections? Staph bacteria can cause many different types of infections, including Skin infections , which are the most common types of staph infections Bacteremia, an infection of the bloodstream.
This can lead to sepsis , a very serious immune response to infection. Bone infections Endocarditis , an infection of the inner lining of the heart chambers and valves Food poisoning Pneumonia Toxic shock syndrome TSS , a life-threatening condition caused by toxins from certain types of bacteria What causes staph infections?
Who is at risk for staph infections? The symptoms of a staph infection depend on the type of infection: Skin infections can look like pimples or boils. They may be red, swollen, and painful. Sometimes there is pus or other drainage. They can turn into impetigo , which turns into a crust on the skin, or cellulitis , a swollen, red area of skin that feels hot. Bone infections can cause pain, swelling, warmth, and redness in the infected area. You may also have chills and a fever.
Endocarditis causes some flu-like symptoms: fever, chills, and fatigue. It also causes symptoms such as rapid heartbeat, shortness of breath, and fluid buildup in your arms or legs. Food poisoning typically causes nausea and vomiting , diarrhea , and a fever.
If you lose too many fluids, you may also become dehydrated. Pneumonia symptoms include a high fever, chills, and cough that doesn't get better. You may also have chest pain and shortness of breath. Toxic shock syndrome TSS causes high fever, sudden low blood pressure, vomiting, diarrhea, and confusion.
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