The 2C family has been an exception, though. At least in part because of a lack of knowledge around the family, some compounds have caused overdoses that can end in death. Some experts claim the deaths associated with the original 2C varieties should actually be attributed to tainted versions of the drugs, as investigators may have misidentified what kind of 2C it was — but problems can happen when too much of any 2C is taken. Altered versions of the original 2C types can also be significantly more potent, and one known physiological effect is a dangerously elevated heart rate.
Problems can also occur when 2C drugs are taken with other substances. But with the correct dosage, 2C-I is typically regarded as being as safe as MDMA among Erowid users — a group with an interest in psychoactive chemicals. Around , three deaths were recorded related to the 2C-T—7 derivative. Shulgin, who was still alive at the time, expressed his frustration over what amateur chemists were doing to his promising creation.
I consider it a very personal exploration. Erich Ferdinand. Shulgin always believed 2C drugs could provide similar benefits. Its effects are felt very much in the body, as well as in the mind, and thus it has found clinical use as a follow-up to MDMA. Even though MDMA and other compounds are relatively under-studied, enough information existed to suggest they might benefit some people. If MDMA-assisted psychotherapy gains acceptance, doctors may consider ways to alter or heighten that therapy with other compounds, says Brad Burge, director of communications and marketing at the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies.
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By choosing I Accept , you consent to our use of cookies and other tracking technologies. It is sometimes characterized by urges to shift the position of one's body, strong nausea at high doses leading often to vomiting, itching, prolonged tensing of unusual combinations of muscle groups which can occur without the user's knowledge over a long period of time, diarrhoea, and an accompanying feeling of "disconnection from one's digestive tract". Some users report little or no body load on 2C-E, and describe in its stead strong euphoria; one user on Erowid reported that it produced a stronger euphoria than did cocaine, although this is extremely rare among 2C-E users.
A negative body load is much more common than positive effects in this area. Again, many of the more unusual distortions of sound are only experienced after the ingestion or, rarely, insufflation of a higher dose.
Like all psychedelics, 2C-E produces a very altered state of consciousness; one unusual side of 2C-E's effects is that some users have reported experiencing "relatively normal thought processes" even while experiencing visual and auditory distortions.
These users suggest, in other words, that 2C-E doesn't impair judgment as deeply as do many other psychedelics with otherwise-similar effects; however, these claims have not been tested in any controlled study.
The wide difference between different users' accounts of the intensity, duration, and nature of the effects of 2C-E can largely be accounted for by users' highly varying dosage of the drug.
Sites like erowid suggest that an average dose of 2C-E might be between ten and fifteen milligrams, and gives the highest "heavy" dose as twenty-five milligrams. Elsewhere on the Internet, and especially in various forums for users of psychedelics , users have reported taking up to between seventy-five and one hundred milligrams of 2C-E, and the ensuing experiences have invariably been extremely intense and very long in some cases upwards of twenty-four hours in duration [ citation needed ].
There have been no reported deaths from 2C-E use, so even these doses can be considered relatively safe considering how little is known about the long-term effects of the use of this substance. However, no experienced user of 2C-E has recommended doses this large for any newcomer; an appropriate starting dose might be between seven and twenty milligrams for someone intending to consume 2C-E recreationally , depending on how experienced the new user is with similar drugs, although the safety of this substance has not been scientifically established.
Importantly, 2C-E is an extremely uncommon substance with a very short history of human use, and it is possible that lasting negative effects could be produced by any dose. Based on the current body of evidence and a comparison with the long-term effects of its close chemical analogue, mescaline, it seems reasonable to assume that 2C-E is not likely to produce such effects. These cases may address the question of whether this chemical could be legally defined as an analog of a scheduled substance.
It is possible that it could be considered an analog of 2C-B or mescaline , in which case sale for human consumption or possession with the intent to ingest could be prosecuted as crimes under the Federal Analog Act.
The UK has the strictest laws in the EU on designer drugs. The design was a non-controlled prospective observational study with minimal intervention in subjects who self-administrated 2C-E orally.
Most evaluations and procedures were similar to a previous naturalistic observational study evaluating acute effects of 2C-B Papaseit et al. Each participant participated in one session. Treatment consisted of oral self-administration of one 2C-E capsule, that they brought to the testing site themselves, which they had obtained from an unknown source.
The method used permits to check for most common drugs of abuse including most of the NPSs and to know the exact purity of 2C-E in the powder to prepare dosing by a precision scale Papaseit et al. The dose of 2C-E self-administrated was selected by the participants based presumably on their previous experience. The mean 2C-E dose was In order to standardize dosing for statistical analysis and to evaluate dose-response relationship, we grouped doses in two intervals: 6.
All the selected doses were well tolerated. Prior to study session, the participants were submitted to a general medical examination and a psychiatric diagnostic examination. They received training with respect to questionnaires and procedures employed in the study. Upon arrival, they were questioned about any event that could affect their participation.
They were asked to refrain from any drug use 2 days prior to the session. Participants were not allowed to consume alcohol or beverages containing caffeine the previous 24 h. Sessions took place on two different days 5 participants each day and administration were separated by various minutes among participants at a private club with ambient music and participants could talk, read, or play table games during the session and interact in exception to the evaluation times.
Also, they were instructed not to talk about the effects of the substance during the session. Assessments were performed by at baseline pre-dose and 2, 4, and 6 h after 2C-E self-administration. The experiment was conducted from to h. Urine spot samples were collected prior administration to exclude prior substance drug use benzodiazepines, barbiturates, morphine, cocaine, amphetamines, methamphetamine, MDMA, marijuana, phencyclidine with Instant-View, Multipanel 10 Test Drug Screen Alfa Scientific Designs Inc.
Self-administration of 2C-E took place around The sequence of procedures at each time point of the session was: physiological measures, oral fluid collection, and subjective effects questionnaires. A psychiatry was present during the entire session.
Adverse effects were assessed during study session. Oral temperature was measured simultaneously. Subjective effects of 2C-E were reported at baseline and at 2, 4, and 6 h after self-administration. The ARCI item short form is a validated instrument that includes five subscales related to drug sedation pentobarbital-chlorpromazine-alcohol group, PCAG , euphoria morphine-benzedrine group, MBG , dysphoria and somatic symptoms lysergic acid diethylamide group, LSD , intellectual efficiency and energy benzedrine group, BG and d-amphetamine-like effects A Lamas et al.
Maximum effects E max were determined and the area under the curve of the effects AUC 0 — 6 h were calculated using the trapezoidal rule. Although it is remarkably that the participant that selected the lowest dose 6. When the dose factor was statistically significant, a post hoc analysis for the two defined groups were done using a Student T -test lower dose group: 6.
To evaluate the effects along time and to study the effects of the substance in comparison to baseline, a one-way repeated measures ANOVA, with time as factor baseline, 2, 4, and 6 h , was done to evaluate the time-course of effects for all doses. When the time condition was statistically significant, a Dunnett multiple comparison post hoc test was conducted to compare the different time points with baseline 0—2 h, 0—4 h, 0—6 h.
All ten selected subjects participated in the study 4 females and 6 males. The mean weight-adjusted dose of 2C-E was 0.
Seven of them were current tobacco smokers range 0. All drugs of abuse urine tests were negative at baseline. As explained in the statistical analysis for dose-response analysis we grouped doses in two groups 6. Supplementary Figures S1 — S3 presented individual data in order to show the elevated variability of the acute effects and concentrations.
Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 3. For HR significant differences were detected in the comparison of baseline and 4 hand 6 h after administration.
Regarding T, only statistically significant differences were detected at 2 and 4 h. No dose-response relationship was observed. Table 1. Summary of result on the physiological effects observed after self-administration of 2C-E. Some effects were related to dose, as higher doses produced more intense effects. The substance produced more intensity of effects in comparison to baseline for most variables.
Table 2. Summary of result on the subjective effects and saliva concentrations observed after self-administration of 2C-E. No dose-response was observed when comparing both groups of doses.
In relation to ARCI questionnaire, significant increases in the scores of all subscales were detected, however, differences in dose were not statistically significant. Similarly, differences from baseline were observed for all subscales at different times.
No dose-response was observed. With respect to the VESSPA, significant changes were shown in Sedation, Change in perception and Psychotic symptoms, with significant differences from baseline in all except Psychotic symptoms.
Dose-response relationship were detected for Changes in Perception and Psychotic symptoms. Most of the effects dissipated after 6 h, and all subjects returned to their usual routine.
Two of them presented residual mild visual hallucinations lights at 6 h which disappeared 1—2 h later. Concentrations of 2C-E increased rapidly, reaching a peak 2 h after ingestion. Concentrations rapidly decrease from 2 to 6 h after ingestion. Mean maximum concentration C max values of 5.
Plasma concentrations varied considerably among doses and subjects. All ten subjects presented positive concentrations of 2C-E at 4 h; only 5, however, had 2C-E concentrations in saliva at 6 h.
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to assess the acute behavioral subjective and physiological effects and oral fluid concentrations of 2C-E after the administration of known doses 6. The main finding is that 2C-E induced primarily a group of psychedelic-like effects, a profile consistent with prior data from surveys and poisonings symptoms Matthews et al. Moreover, our study provides unique results about concentrations of 2C-E in oral fluid.
In our non-controlled setting, 2C-E only partially mimicked the prototypical sympathomimetic-like effects of other psychedelic and psychostimulant drugs Schmid et al.
The physiological actions induced by 2C-E included a mild-moderate increase of HR, without changes in blood pressure. The effects were lower than those produced by 2C-B Papaseit et al.
It is possible that the wide range of doses in the present study from 6. For 2C-E the maximal cardiac effect was observed at the 2 h assessment, maintained over 2—4 h, and returned to baseline at 6 h post-administration.
Under 2C-E influence participants reported euphoria, stimulation, and altered state of consciousness due to the psychedelic experience. Changes in mood were more pronounced than perceptual ones. It is possible that euphoria could be an important issue of the psychedelic experience after 2C-B or 2C-E use, as previously postulated for other psychedelics Bouso et al.
Moreover, alteration in perception varied from changes in perceptions to hallucinations, that were experienced by 5 volunteers 3 only visual and 2 visual and auditory hallucinations. Results differ in intensity from other psychedelics probably because in this study subjects self-administered low to moderate doses of the substance. Overall, the subjective effects induced by 2C-E appear to be closely related to psychedelic drugs indicating that it produces mind-altering and hallucinogenic effects which could be primarily mediated by the 5HT 2 A receptor.
As expected, in our study 2C-E produced the prototypical effects of psychedelic substances that include visual hallucinations, perceptual changes, somatic symptoms, and activation of euphoria.
Although it also induced headache, confusion, and breathing difficulty, no severe adverse reactions were observed. Our results show that in a recreational setting, self-administration of low-moderate doses of 2C-E by healthy experienced users is well tolerated and relatively safe. The results are consistent with a relatively low number of severe acute toxicity cases associated to 2C-E use Iwersen-Bergmann et al.
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